Cotton, one of the oldest known fibers, dates back over 5,000 years, with traces found in ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley and Egypt. It is believed to have originated in tropical and subtropical regions, primarily in India and Central America.

Global Area and Production

Globally, cotton is grown on approximately 30-35 million hectares, making it one of the most widely cultivated cash crops. Major producers include India, China, the USA, and Brazil. India ranks first in cotton production and area under cultivation, accounting for about 25-30% of the global cotton area.

Uses of Cotton

• Textiles: Cotton is the primary raw material for making clothes, fabrics, and home textiles.
• Industrial Uses: Cotton is used in producing medical supplies (bandages, cotton swabs), and its seed oil is utilized in food products and cosmetics.
• Byproducts: Cottonseed meal is used in livestock feed, and the hulls serve as organic mulch or fuel.

Cotton Cultivation in India

Major Producing States

India’s major cotton-producing states include Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan. These regions account for about 70-75% of the total cotton area in India.

Climate Requirements

• Temperature: Cotton thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, requiring a temperature range of 20-30°C. It is highly sensitive to frost.
• Rainfall: Cotton needs moderate rainfall (around 600-1,200 mm annually). However, it cannot tolerate waterlogging and is often cultivated in semi-arid regions with irrigation support.

Soil Requirements

Cotton grows well in deep, well-drained soils, particularly alluvial, black, or loamy soils. The ideal soil pH is between 5.8 and 8.0. Black cotton soil, found in parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat, is known for retaining moisture, making it suitable for rain-fed cotton farming.