Soybean (Glycine max), originally from East Asia, has been cultivated for over 5,000 years. Its early domestication traces back to China, where it was considered a staple food and a major source of protein. Over time, soybean spread to other regions, becoming a key crop worldwide.

Global Area and Production

Globally, soybean is cultivated on approximately 120-130 million hectares, with the USA, Brazil, and Argentina being the top producers. India ranks among the top producers, contributing about 3-4% to global production, with an average of 12-13 million metric tons annually.

Uses of Soybean

• Food Products: Soybean is used to produce various food items like soy milk, tofu, soy sauce, and tempeh. It is also a key ingredient in plant-based meat alternatives.
• Oil Extraction: Soybean is a major source of edible oil, known for its light flavor and healthy fatty acid profile.
• Livestock Feed: Soybean meal, a byproduct of oil extraction, is widely used as a protein-rich feed for livestock and poultry.
• Industrial Uses: Soybean oil is also utilized in manufacturing biodiesel, paints, and plastics.

Soybean Cultivation in India

Major Producing States

India’s major soybean-growing regions include Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Karnataka. Madhya Pradesh alone accounts for over 50% of India’s total soybean production.

Climate Requirements

• Temperature: Soybean thrives in warm, temperate climates, with an ideal temperature range of 20-30°C. Excessive heat or frost can reduce yields.
• Rainfall: The crop requires moderate rainfall (500-700 mm) and performs best in regions with well-distributed rainfall during the growing season. It is often grown as a rain-fed crop in India, though irrigation may be used in areas with insufficient rainfall.

Soil Requirements

Soybean prefers well-drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. The ideal soil pH for soybean cultivation is between 6.0 and 7.5. It is sensitive to waterlogging and performs poorly in saline or highly alkaline soils.